Energy Planners And Energy Planning - 1940 Words

Energy Planners and Energy Planning By Tim Bowles PPA-604 Urban Planning/Redevelopment Prof. Jacqueline Thomas, Instructor Ashford University September 19, 2016 Introduction The discussion will be the subject of Energy. In a personal way, energy can be defined as efficiency and effectiveness. The majority of energy regulations is done by the national government. At the national level, there are concerns for the environment and environmental problems when it comes to energy planning. The national government has to establish national standards for all the states that are involved in energy planning and producing energy resources. Due to the national level and national regulations, this means that energy planning is a joint activity between the states and the federal government. Energy planning surfaced with the increase in oil prices began. The planning included controls and the intensity of development. An energy planner is someone who assists with the regulations and development of energy policies for the long term. These regulations and development are established with the national, regional state, and local governments. Energy planning and energy planners both conduct integrated approaches with academic institutions, government agencies, oil companies, utility companies, coal and solar energy industries. The original concerns of energy planners and energy planning, is the conservation of energy sources. The Levy text,Show MoreRelatedPlanning And Local Economic Development1183 Words   |  5 PagesPlanning and local economic development The main goal of local economic development is to build an area where people can live quality life and to improve the future economy. When we think of local economic development, planners come to our mind. For many years, urban planners plan and work with others like engineers to develop our economy. Planners work in all types of cities from large cities to small cities. Planners plan for future cities. They decided where people should live and theyRead MoreLeadership Skills For Managers By Identifiers Marlene Caroselli1557 Words   |  7 Pageswill discuss aspects of a leader as a manager, communicator, power distributor, liaison, and planner. Leader as a Manager Managers today face obligations, deadlines, and projects from both personal affairs and business affairs. While this can be hectic, effective management skills in time, emotion, stress, energy, and engagement are ascertainable, via a balanced approach. The amount of undesirable energy spent on anyone of these factors, can contribute to managers burning out early. However, focusingRead MorePlanning A Party On A Budget889 Words   |  4 PagesEvent Planners see it all! We’ve seen people running around like chickens with their heads cut off. 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Environmental Protection Agency Standards During The New...

Due to continued rainfall in December of 2014, the water level in the New River Lagoon was higher than normal. Higher water levers allowed us to conduct more extensive testing deeper into the tributaries that feed Belize’s largest body of freshwater. Over time, this testing will provide a clearer picture of the movement of the water that passes from runoff and ground water into the tributaries and into the New River Lagoon. The New River Lagoon then flows north to the New River and empties into the Bay of Corozal. The nitrate levels for water sampled at a minimum of 1.0 meters below the surface showed lower nitrate levels as compared to surface levels, and to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standard of safe levels of nitrate†¦show more content†¦The levels from the samples taken in December of 2014 align within a low range that has been stable over the last several years (Studer M. , Community Based Research in Northern Belize, 2012) (Studer M. A., 2014). Samples were taken at various depths at the mouth of the New River Lagoon and further downstream directly in the New River. The level of nitrates at those sites ranged from 1.76 mg/L to 2.20 mg/L. Samples were also taken from the tributaries that feed the New River Lagoon, namely, Lemonal Creek, Ram Goat Creek, Irish Creek, Harry Jones Creek, and Lamanai Creek. All of these tributaries, with the exception of Irish Creek, lie on the east side of the Lagoon and drain either into the savanna areas or small—predominately non-agricultural—villages. The results of nitrate testing for tributaries overall ranged from 0.0mg/L- 5.72mg/L. December, 2015 In December of 2015, we acquired probes from the Hach Company that allowed us to test temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen within seconds. Since the levels of nitrates in groundwater are typically higher than in water that contains levels of dissolved oxygen greater than 0.5mg/L (Dubrovsky, et al., 2010), pairing nitrate levels with dissolved oxygen readings at coincident depths provides a better understanding of the data. Although lower water levels inhibited us from testing as far into the tributaries as we had in 2014, we

Conflict Presented in of Mice and Men Free Essays

Of Mice and Men is set in America during the years of the Great Depression. The depression, that was caused by the Wall Street Crash 1929, left people without a job or house. People had barely enough money to afford necessities such as, food, water and clothes. We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Presented in of Mice and Men or any similar topic only for you Order Now The pressures of the Great Depression led to many different forms of conflict. Steinbeck shows a variety of these conflicts throughout the novella. One form of conflict shown in the novella is Jealousy. The fact that Lennie is a ‘huge man’, results in Curley’s jealousy towards Lennie. While describing Curley, Slim says, ‘He’s alla time picking scraps with big guys. Kind of like he’s mad at ’em because he aint a big guy’. This foreshadows the fight between Curley and Lennie in which Lennie crushes Curley’s hand. The adjective ‘mad’ connotes the irrationality of Curley’s simmering anger. Curley’s covetousness towards Lennie’s size represents that the world of Dust bowl America was a harsh and unforgiving place, where physical strength was especially valuable. The adjective ‘mad’ has specific connotations which is why, Steinbeck chooses to use ‘mad’ rather than a word such as, angry to maybe suggest that Curley is slightly insane for picking fights with men considerably bigger and most likely stronger than him. ‘Mad’ also means that Curley is simply angry towards taller men because he envies them. This description of Curley makes the reader think of Curley as an insecure person as, the description shows that he feels inferior because of his diminutive stature. Resentment is also shown in scenes of conflict. George shows resentment towards Lennie as a consequence of Lennie losing him his job; that is so significant to achieving his desires. George says, ‘I got you! You can’t keep a job and you lose me ever’ job I get. ‘ The repetition of the word ‘you’ demonstrates that George sees Lennie as the cause of the conflict and as the person who endangers his chances of achieving his dreams. The abbreviation of the word every with ‘ever† implies that George is almost spitting out his words due to the aggravation that he feels. George loses his temper with Lennie despite the fact that Lennie is George’s best friend. This portrays the great importance of having a job during Different conflicts or events can bring out certain characteristics in people. The novel Of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck has numerous conflicts that bring out the protagonist’s innermost characteristic, kindheartedness. George brings out this characteristic through the conflicts between Lennie and himself. Judging him from most of his words, he does not seem like a caring person, however, it is through his actions that verify that he is. One example of this man versus himself conflict is when George has to kill Lennie. However, the main conflict of this novel is man versus man, which basically goes on throughout the entire novel, while George watches after Lennie; The majority of George’s time is devoted to looking after Lennie, whose faults prevent George from working toward his dream, or even living the life of a typical rancher. Based George’s selflessness, and devotion to Lennie, George Milton is an extremely compassionate person. Throughout the book, George has explicitly whined that Lennie is a real pain. He dreams of what he could do if not caring for his mentally handicapped friend, and pictures himself not burdened by Lennie. â€Å"‘ You get in trouble. You do bad things and I got to get you out. ‘ His voice rose nearly to a shout. ‘You crazy son-of-a-bitch. You keep me in hot water all of the time. ‘† Through this passage, you can clearly see George’s feelings towards Lennie; he gets sick of having to deal with a man with the mentality of a child. However, in the innermost part, he really cares for him because he never truly leaves him, he watches out for him and guides him through life. Imagine if you had just gotten the part of a play that you have been waiting all of your life to get, you feel as if your dreams had just started to take its roots; when suddenly, your friend messes up his role and is fired, and as a result, you to have to leave too, so he won’t be alone, well, that is the case with Lennie and George. You have to be as incredibly strong minded and kindhearted as George in order to take care of not only yourself, but also a man with the mentality of a child as well. Consequently, most people go crazy having to repeat themselves more than three times, as for George whom had to repeat himself constantly, and at times, that still did not cut it. This brings me to the next major conflict of the novel, man versus himself. At the end of this novel, when George comes across another crisis that Lennie has caused and, he finds himself stuck, because, for the first time, he can’t get Lennie out of the awful situation that he has got himself into, leaving him no other choice but to kill his dearest companion. George raised the gun and steadied it, and he brought the muzzle of it close to the back of Lennie’s head. The hand shook violently, but his face set and his hand steadied. † Through this passage, you can see that George was struggling, not wanting to kill Lennie, however, he unfortunately had to kill him for everyone’s benefit, including his own. This situation resembles cheating on a test; you do not want to cheat, but you would be in trouble by your parents if you do not pass. George had to protect Lennie one last time; as much as it would hurt, George knew that if he did not kill Lennie himself, Curley and the rest of the workers at the ranch would have found Lennie and given him a more painful and severe death George gave him. Based on George committing an act that will haunt him for the rest of his life, just to give his dearest companion Lennie a more serene death than a brutal one proves that, at heart, George is an extremely empathetic person. How to cite Conflict Presented in of Mice and Men, Papers

Siddhartha Essay Questions Example For Students

Siddhartha Essay Questions The first chapter of Siddhartha is set in a Brahmin household located in the serene and peaceful atmosphere of an Indian village, but it is an India of an ancient era. In the next chapter, the scene shifts to the forest where the Samaras lead an ascetic life of self-denial. The third chapter takes Siddhartha to the town and the garden of Jetavana and the teachings of the holy Buddha. In the fourth chapter, Siddhartha leaves the forest enters a large town of merchants, children and a well-known courtesan and her lovely pleasure garden. Upon leaving the town Siddhartha returns to the river. The remainder of the novel centers on this river in the woods. Siddhartha is the handsome and learned son of a Brahmin who has studied the Hindu scriptures thoroughly and often enters into discussions with elders. Siddhartha displays qualities of self-discipline and self-reliance. But he is discontented and restless and questions all that have been taught to him and wonders whether the sacrifices prescribed in the religious teachings really can bring happiness and peace within oneself. This is what compels him to leave his family and home. Siddhartha feels himself superior to the child-people, the ordinary folk around him; humility is not part of his character. He is even so arrogant and self-assured that he argues with the Buddha himself about the logic of his teachings. As it turns out, Siddhartha is not superior to ordinary people in at least one respect. Although he enters the world of business and sensual pleasure as a game, he becomes trapped in it like the people he looked down upon. He finally experience love as an old man. Yet it is through love and its pain, that he at last achieves wisdom. Siddhartha goes through drastic changes in his quest to discover himself. He starts off as an intelligent but impudent young man who openly seeks to attain Nirvana; As a Samana, he practices the art of self-denial, but finds no peace. He enters Samsara, the world of material things, but true happiness escapes him. Eventually he rejects both the world of the spirit and the world of the senses, and goes to live with the ferryman, Vasudeva. Beside the river, Siddhartha experiences Nirvana, where the unity of life allows everything to co-exist. In the last stage of his life, when he is old and nearing death, Siddhartha comes to the understanding that time is illusory, for life flows on in continuity, the present become eternity. Govinda Siddharthas boyhood friend and companion is also a seeker of wisdom, but he is content to learn from teachers and remain a follower. Govinda leaves Siddhartha to become a Buddhist monk. Their paths will cross several times during their lives. Kamala is a worldly woman who will accept Siddhartha only when he comes well dressed and bringing gifts. She plays an important role in the novel, characterized by her breathtaking physical beauty, her love of material possession, and her lovemaking skills. On a deeper level, she too is a seeker. She admits that she is unable to feel love, and she observes this same in Siddhartha. She undertakes her final journey to pay Buddha honor on his deathbed and at the end gives her pleasure garden to the monks. Vasudeva is a kindly ferryman who lives in solitude and has discovered his inner self by communing with the river. The ferryman turns out to be Siddharthas teacher who, simply by listening, points the way to wisdom. He is a great thinker and learns about life the through his communion with the river. Through his actions rather than words he reveals to Siddhartha the secrets of life, teaching him not only how to listen but how to love. When he is dying he leaves Siddhartha simply disappearing into the woods. Siddharthas story is a quest for the great truth for heavenly salvation. He sets out to find the bliss of perfect understanding and unity with the creator. He tries time and again but still abandons the religious ways that are offered to him. He then experiences the world of pleasure and the senses. .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055 , .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055 .postImageUrl , .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055 , .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055:hover , .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055:visited , .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055:active { border:0!important; } .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055:active , .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055 .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15bd2d76e7330dede9f60d3049c80055:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Power and Love in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† EssayThis leads him away from his religious teachings and into a world of excess, greed, sloth and contempt for his own life. He is so sickened that he finally abandons his wealth, possessions, and Kamala and leaves the city. Though he contemplates taking his own life he discovers that he has had an awakening. Siddhartha finds Vasudeva, the gentle ferryman and he remains as his helper, living simply and learning what the river teaches. He recognizes it as no longer a boundary that divides. Now it represents the past, present, and future, and all aspects of how life flows together. Siddhartha comes to understand that there is no conflict between the spiritual and the material worlds, that all human experience is to be and must embraced, and that the only difference between ordinary people and sages is that the sages understand this unity. This is the vision that Siddhartha at last sees in the river. Life must be experienced in whole, the good and the bad in order to understanding and achieve complete knowledge in life. Hiding within ones religious beliefs without the human experience of emotion, love, hate, envy, and loss does not make a complete experience, only a portion of what God intended for us to be.

3 Cases of Missing Parenthetical Punctuation

3 Cases of Missing Parenthetical Punctuation 3 Cases of Missing Parenthetical Punctuation 3 Cases of Missing Parenthetical Punctuation By Mark Nichol In each of the following examples, a complementary comma that provides closure for a parenthetical phrase is missing. Discussion after each sentence explains the problem, and a revision demonstrates the solution. 1. A-list actors, including Scarlett Johansson, Idris Elba, and Bill Murray provide the voices for CGI characters. If the sentence began with the actors’ names and was a simple statement of identification, only the commas after the first and second names would be required. But because the names, preceded by the organizational signal word including, are parenthetical to the main clause, â€Å"A-list actors provide the voices for CGI characters,† providing examples rather than constituting a comprehensive list, a comma must follow Bill Murray’s name to complement the comma after actors: â€Å"A-list actors, including Scarlett Johansson, Idris Elba, and Bill Murray, provide the voices for CGI characters.† 2. Despite Jones’s busy schedule, Smith said that he always found time for her. Smith does not say something in spite of Jones’s busy schedule; â€Å"Smith said† is parenthetical to the main clause, â€Å"Despite Jones’s busy schedule, he always found time for her,† so it should be bracketed by two commas: â€Å"Despite Jones’s busy schedule, Smith said, he always found time for her.† 3. If he got lost, Jones was told a search party would not be sent to rescue him. The sentence suggests, with an apparently tangled tense construction, that if â€Å"he† were to get lost, he would be informed that no search party would be sent to rescue him. But what is meant is that he was told that if he got lost, no rescue effort would ensue. â€Å"Jones was told† is parenthetical to the statement, just as â€Å"Smith said† is parenthetical in the previous example, so it must be set off from the main clause by commas before and after the phrase: â€Å"If he got lost, Jones was told, a search party would not be sent to rescue him.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†50 Types of PropagandaWhen to Spell Out Numbers

What Makes Me a Good Candidate for Medex

What Makes Me a Good Candidate for Medex . No doubt, it is the best way to get more experience in the sphere of medicine. To be fair, I do not think I shall necessarily face any difficulties by returning again to school because as I have already mentioned, the profession of a doctor, first of all, presupposes a constant growth and development. Therefore, we cannot afford to be at the same level for a long time. If somebody wants to be a good doctor, he/she should progress all the time. My prior experience shows that I want to be such a professional; consequently, I am ready to face all the difficulties and problems. As to my Medex classmates, I shall cooperate with them as much as possible in order we become one team. I shall also try to share my clinical and personal experience with them. Tolerance and mutual respect will be essential for successful teamwork. Besides, it has a positive impact on the development of qualities that are important for collegial collaboration. Furthermore, teamwork encourages tolerance, order, acknowledgment of others ideas, proper discussion, and overcoming selfish attitudes. I also realize that none of the team members can interfere with the cooperation of the other members because of their sympathies and antipathies. In addition, many of my friends and people I am familiar with have already participated in this program. Now, all of them are highly qualified doctors. There are many examples of personal transitions, but I prefer my own. Although I am a medical school graduate from another country, I acquired enough professional skills and qualities to become a good physician. I have already worked in my profession for seven years. And as I moved here, I decided first to try myself in physician assistance in order to learn all necessary peculiarities of work here. After finishing this practice, I am planning to get a full-time job as a physician in one of the clinics. Thus, my experience in different clinics and hospitals, in my opinion, makes me a good candidate for Medex. Besides, I am not afraid to face any great challenges by returning again to school. Furthermore, I feel quite confident in my skills and professionalism to overcome all occurring difficulties. I shall also try to work hand in hand with my future classmates to make our cooperation as successful as possible. My future ambitions are also quite obvious I want to become a certificated, highly qualified physician in here.

Profile of a Health Care Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Profile of a Health Care Manager - Essay Example Likewise, a good health manager assumes a proactive stance in addressing the needs of stakeholders under his or her jurisdiction. Professionals choose to work in settings that provide either direct or nondirect service, depending on their knowledge, skills set, and experience. Some health care managers are called to directly serve the needs of a specific profile of clientele. Others serve in non-direct settings, such as â€Å"consulting firms, pharmaceutical companies, associations, and medical equipment companies† (Thompson, Buchbinder, & Shanks, n.d., p. 2). Thus, depending also on the delegated responsibilities, these managers abide by the need to serve various stakeholders; either in direct or nondirect service capacities. Health care managers who work on direct care settings possess characteristics and traits that would ensure competencies in health care; specifically the following key competencies associated with an effective manager: â€Å"conceptual, technical, and interpersonal skills† (Thompson, Buchbinder, & Shanks, n.d., p. 5). Health care managers who work in nondirect care settings should have the overview and background required from these nondirect services, as well as the expected responsibilities required from them. Thus, a good theoretical knowledge of the nondirect service being undertaken and regularly transacted with; as well as skills in dealing with various stakeholders (suppliers, investors, community members, customers, and the like). Thompson, J., Buchbinder, S., & Shanks, N. (n.d.). An Overview of Healthcare Management. Retrieved from Jones & Barttlet Learning:

The Marketing Planning of L'Oreal Organisation Essay

The Marketing Planning of L'Oreal Organisation - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that L’Oreal Group is a leading company that markets a wide range of cosmetic products. The corporate products are sub divided-well in order to help the company to become an important player in beauty industry across the globe. Notwithstanding the intensity of competition that exists, it is beneficial to analyze the company’s internal and external profile to gain an understanding of its strategic planning process. The term marketing as an exchange process refers to a concentrated term in relation to the marketing concept. It is originally defined as a transaction by which two or more parties offer a benefit or value to others with a view to satisfying their prospective needs. Companies receive a benefit of selling goods through a market which incorporates a wide range of products and services while end-users obtain commodities they desire from the market. Therefore, both parties including the firms and end users/customers gain in this exchange process. This can occur in a transactional form which means that a consumer buys a particular brand because of self-interest or in form of relational exchange if long-term orientation has taken place. In case of L’Oreal, it can be seen that the company utilizes this concept when conducting its business. The exchange between L’Oreal and its customers result in transactions where the customers buy the products offered and the company gets money. The main goal of L’Oreal is to facilitate and increase its sales transactions through convincing the existing customers and potential customers to purchase its products. As such, it uses the marketing exchange process to assess the trade-offs it needs in order to satisfy its wants and needs, as well as its customer’s wants. L’Oreal’s objective is to create safe and effective quality beauty products for its customers. It is a company that values establishing a strong consumer relations hip.

Kants Moral Obligation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kants Moral Obligation - Essay Example Timmons state in this regard, that the logic would play an important role in determining whether the perceived act will bring any good thing without ‘qualification’ (206). A good thing without qualification would only have two extremities including the good and the bad and nothing in between. Therefore, individuals use their reasoning capacity to identify the acts with good consequences. While individuals accomplish their desires out of good will, it is equally important to note that goodwill is the only virtue that has the aspect of universal absolute good (Timmons 207). This means that every good thing including wealth, honor, and riches may turn to be bad things in the end if individuals harbor ill wills for accomplishing their missions. However, people can perpetuate the good things if they have good intentions and wills making their deeds good in universal terms. In this sense, rationality comes into play in the sense that people who have good intentions motivated b y their positive reasoning will always accomplish good things in the society (Stern 45). While happiness may derive from a particular action does not accentuate the moral obligation of that action, as the idea of happiness is too empirical and indefinite to serve as a concept for moral obligation (Timmons 208). It is indefinite because people differ in tastes, preference, and enjoyments, while it is empirical in the sense that people actually understand that my experience, they can make decisions that bring them happiness. In a revisit of the concept of goodwill, people act because they strongly believe that they have a moral duty or they are morally obliged to perform certain tasks. The consequences in this case according to Stern, do not play an important role in deciding to engage in such deeds (Stern 62). Individual inclination principles, on the other hand, influence our actions in that reason recognizes our principles that in turn determine our motive in the quest of accomplishing our moral duty.

Contemparary Issues In International Hrm Management Essay

Contemparary Issues In International Hrm Management Essay In wide range of market economies, human resource management plays an important role. Analysis and evaluation of HRM have become major themes in, policy, academic and practitioner literatures (ref: human resource management by Julie Beardwell and Tim Claydon, 5th edition). In any organization, the main objective of the Human Resource Management function is to check that the most effective use is made of its human resources(ref :global excellence ) International HRM has been characterized by three broad approaches. Comparative HRM: It is one of the approaches in IHRM using which HR Management in MNCs (multinational companies) understands the reasons for similarities and cross- national differences in HR practice in the countries in which they operates. Before exploring this in detail, it is necessary to understand the institutional distinctiveness of National Business Systems (NBS) as it is the main reason for cross-national differences in employment policy and practice. Distinctiveness of NBSs: Global economy can be defined as amalgamation of different individual and independent nations. While majority of these nations are capitalist, they have followed unique and different path ways for their industrial capitalism .Each market economy is shaped by its distinctive economic, political and social characteristics which are embedded in its social system. Hall and Soski (2001) have done an academic work on NBSs by considering US, UK, Germany and Japan. Writer of this assignment explored. Hall and Soskis academic work and identified following things: Capitalist economies are of two types Liberal Market Economies (LMEs) and Co-ordinated Market Economies (CMEs).These creates different national patterns of corporate strategy. These also determine different labour laws and regulations around funding etc. US and UK economies are liberal with less government involvement in labour market and funding regulations. Provision of funds operates with in open market. Here capital providers like pension fund managers provides funds, on short term basis and expects rapid returns. It is more focused on the value created for shareholders with in short time scale. US is highly liberal market with highly developed stock and capital markets to reinforce market relations.UK even though liberal and capable of innovation .But low level of institutional regulator in labour and capital markets, skills education hinders its capability Germany and Japan economies are treated as CMEs where there is less free market for equity capital and most of the shares are owned by founders of firms, and have institutional fund providers supported by state provides funds as a credit and they look at long term prospective also their labour market is highly regulated. Germany is coordinated market economy which can exhibit incremental innovation and change and has sustained competitive advantage in manufacturing due labour and capital regulation. Due to these Distinctiveness of NBSs discussed above Comparative HRM approach is needed for MNCs to understand Cross-national differences in HR policy and practice. Researchers found differences in training, pay practices, industrial relations and employees representations between different nations. These differences which are impacting HR policy can be well understood, if we consider part time employment in Europe as more and more employers are using part time employees as a method of matching labour demand and supply on temporary basis and also European commission is promoting part time employment to combat unemployment. If we examine OECD stats, highest part time employment in UK can be explained due to lack affordable childcare facilities, state tax and welfare policies and availability on more students for part time etc. At the same time if you consider Spain which has less part-timers can be explained due to existence of fixed term contracts (full time) available in labour market. Also in UK part time means 17 HRs a week and in France part-time means 21.5hrs a week. Due to these differences, it is challenging for any global company to have HR strategy in different countries. USA has the weakest system of employment protection .Less or lack of regulation reduces barriers or constraints faced by employers, weather this result in improved performance is another issue for argument. If we take Germany it is a quiet contrast labour market is regulated and Germany human resource and employment relation policy and sectoral collective bargaining are deeply integrated in its society as a method of determining the wage. Almost 80%of German employees are covered by this creating good working conditions and standardisation of pay . Also training and human resource planning policies and institutions are governed by government, trade unions and employers. Sometimes these types of policies are treated as constraints for IHRM, weather it is true or not is another issue. This comparative approach doesnt take into account about the effects of multinationals and multi cultures have on HR strategy and policy. Cross -cultural approach Culture is a of shared attitudes, values, goals and practices that characterizes an company or institution (Asgary and Walleor, 2002) or a complicated socially constructed system which includes art, law, knowledge, beliefs, customs, morals and any other habits and capabilities acquired by human as a member of society (Banerjee, 2008). There exists ,many criticisms towards the cultural approach by HRM academics, out of  which Hofstede, Trompenaars and Laurent are confined in centre of attraction, as well being ambiguous when using ethnographic approach. The individualism has also a very different apprehension, from one civilization to another, and may not be always completely different from collectivism. Although, Hofstede and Trompenaars believe an apparent association between attitudes and  behaviour, on account of that, there is assumption that specific cultural attitudes would lead instantly to particular type of behaviour. They have as well been accused of disregarding cultural framework, having motionless determination which does not locate principles in historical growth and relationship between community and institution. Again, there is a problem of accreditation of one culture to entire national structure, which masculinity and femininity are inappropriate names and that structure of four-dimension app roach could be easily questioned (Beardwell et al. 2001, pp.642-643). Hofstedes (1980a) approach was one of the first attempt to develop a universal framework for understanding cultural differences in managers and employees values based on a worldwide survey, although not the only one. The argument here is that this work was starting point, both for serious academic research, and for managers working across culture to make a first estimate of the differences in organizational values which may exist among different countries(ref: international hrm: a cross cultural approach by Terence Jackson). Hofstedes work focuses on value systems of national cultures which are represented by five dimensions (1991). Power distance This is the extent to which inequalities among people are seen as normal. This dimension stretches from equal relations being seen as normal to wide in equalities being viewed as normal. Uncertainty avoidance This refers to a preference for structured situations verse unstructured situations. This dimension runs from being comfortable with flexibility and ambiguity to need for extreme rigidity and situations with a high degree of certainty. Individualism This looks at whether individuals are used to acting as individuals or as part of cohesive groups, which may be based on the family (Chinese societies) or the corporation (Japan: Hui, 1990). The dimension ranges from collectivism to individualism. Masculinity Hofstede (1980a) distinguishes hard values such as assertiveness and competition, and the soft or feminine values of personal relations, quality of life and caring about others, where in a masculine society gender role differentiation is emphasized. Long-term Vs short-term Orientation: This distinguishes peoples choice of focus for their actions; values that foster virtues oriented towards future rewards (persistence, perseverance) vs fostering virtues related to the present and past (eg :stability, respect for tradition) (Romani in Harzing Van Ruysseveldt, 2004; Jackson 2002) Multinational approach Multinational human resource management is an important function in multinational organizations. Multinational human resource management functions cover many different activities related to a business organizations employees and contractors. The first and most important is the staffing needs of the company whether staff members are company employees or outside contractors. Functions include Recruiting and training employees Performing at expected levels Handling performance issues Multinational human resource management is the fastest-growing subset of human resource due to the growing trend for global business operations. Companies can apply one of the three different approaches to managing and staffing their subsidiaries (Francesco, Gold, 1998). Different models and their advantages and disadvantages are as below Ethnocentric. Centre of operations from the home country makes key decisions, employees from the home country hold important  jobs, and the subsidiaries follow the home country resource management practice. Companies following the ethnocentric approach assume the home country approach is best and that employees from other parts of the world can and should follow it. Advantages and Disadvantages of using local employees as staff in multinational subsidiaries (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, Cardy, 1995) are as below Advantages Lower labour cost Acceptance of the company by the local community Maximizes the number of options available in the local environment Leads to recognition of the company as a legitimate participant in the local economy Effectively represents local considerations and constraints in the decision making process Disadvantages Makes it difficult to balance local demands and global priorities Leads to postponement of difficult local decision until they are unavoidable, when they are more difficult, costly and painful than they would have been if implemented earlier May make it difficult to recruit qualified personnel May reduce the amount of control exercised by headquarters Polycentric Each subsidiary manages on a local basis. A local employee heads a subsidiary  because headquarters managers are not considered to have adequate local knowledge. Subsidiaries usually develop human resource management practices locally. Advantages Cultural similarity with parent company ensures transfer of business/management practices Permits closer control and coordination of multinational subsidiaries Gives employees a multinational orientation through experience at parent company Establishes a pool of multinational experienced executives Disadvantages Creates problems of adaptability to foreign environment and culture Increases of the subsidiary May involve high transfer and salary costs May result in personal and family problems Leads to high failure rate Has disincentive effect on local management morale and motivation May be subject to local government restrictions Geocentric or global. The company that applies the global integrated business strategy manages its staff and employees on a global basis. Advantages In developing an international managerial team in global context Overcomes the federation Co-operation and resource have sharing across units Disadvantages Most of local citizens employed demands by host government Extensive documentation is required References Richard C. Hoffman Frank M. Shipper (2012): The impact of managerial skills on employee outcomes: a cross cultural study, The International Journal of Human Resource Management Brent MacNab, Richard Brislin Reginald Worthley (2012): Experiential cultural intelligence development: context and individual attributes, The International Journal of Human Resource Management. David G. Collings (2012): International Human Resource Management: Policies and Practices for Multinational Enterprises, The International Journal of Human Resource Management PAPER 2 Culture Definition Culture is the shared knowledge and schemes created by a set of people for perceiving, interpreting, expressing, and responding to the social realities around them (p. 9). Lederach, J.P. (1995). Nature of Culture Every nation possesses at minimum some differences such as laws, government and history when compared to others. The more nations in which a multinational organization works the more compound and complicated will be their HRM policies that effect business performance. Its common for the MNCs to work together with multiples of other countries. Variations in the national cultures pertaining to different countries and degree of complexity in understanding the cultural differences is one of the main challenges faced by IHRM in its modern and global operations. Importance of Human Resource Management Human resource management plays a key role in the organization in recruiting the most effective human resources into the organization. In achieving the organizational goal, the HR professional make of activities include sourcing, development, reward and performance appraisal towards the employees. In this process the Human resource managers have different mind sets towards the organizational goal. There are mainly four mind sets Ethnocentric In this ethnocentric, major strategic decisions are made at the headquarters of the organization. They are managing the subsidiaries by the expatriates from the home country. Polycentric In this polycentric, multinational enterprise treats their subsidiary as a distinct national entity. Regiocentric In this regiocentric, decisions are made within a geographic region. In decision-making, the regional managers enjoy a degree of regional autonomy and they not be promoted to headquarters. Geocentric In this geocentric, they follow global approach to its operations, identify the each part and make a unique contribution with its unique competence. Hofsteds Study The research of the author Geert Hofstede, primarily reliant on review data attained from two organization approach studies performed has offered seminal insights of the changing cultural tendencies over the global barriers. A group of five dimensions are recognized involving power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, Long-term versus short-term orientation and Masculinity versus femininity Power/Distance It explains about the degree of inequality in among the people with and without power. In this case, when the power/distance is high that indicates the society is in an unequal distribution of power and people in the system. Individualism/Collectivism (IDV) In this individualism, it explains that the individual are expected to take care of themselves and their related families only. In this collectivism, it means that the individual are expecting their relatives or group of members to take care after them in exchange for not loyalty. Masculinity Vs Femininity (MAS) In this dimension, the masculinity represents they preference the society for heroism, assertiveness, achievement and reward for success. Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) In this uncertainty avoidance dimension, explains that the degree in which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity. Long-Term Vs Short-Term Orientation (LTO) In this long-term orientation, they deal with societys search for virtue. In this dimension, people believe the truth on basis on situation, context and time. They also have ability to allow traditions to changed conditions and determination in achieving results. In this short-term orientation, they have strong concern with establishing the absolute truth; they think in normative way, respect the traditions and focus on achieving quick results. RECRUITMENT Recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization. -by Edwin B. Flippo In every organization or company, recruitment plays a role in human resource in achieving the organization goal. Recruitment is a continuous process in which the company attempts to develop a pool of qualified applicants for the future human resources and needs even though specific vacancies do not exist. TYPES IN RECRUITMENTS INTERNAL RECRUITMENT Recruitment takes place within the organization. In the internal recruitment they recruit the employees from their own organization by three sources Transfers Promotions Re-employment of ex-employees In this way, the organization can save the money, time and efforts. By this approach the organization can have drawback in refrains the new blood into the organization. Internal recruitment has some advantages and disadvantages Advantages Quickly and cheaper to recruit Employees are well-known to same business and operations Opportunities for promotions within the organization Disadvantages Numbers of potential applicants are in limits No new ideas can be implemented EXTERNAL RECRUITMENT External recruitment takes place outside the organization. The sources for the recruitment into the organization are Advertisements Employment exchange Labour contracts Educational institutes It involves a lot of time, money and effort in recruiting of new applicants into the organization. There are some advantages and disadvantages in the external recruitment Advantages New ideas come from new people Identify the right person for the right job Experience employee Disadvantages Big process to recruit the new applicants More expensive RECRUITMENT IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE In international organizations, it is not easy to recruit the people from different cultural backgrounds and Human resource managers need to identify and ensure that the recruited people are eligible and having right skills and knowledge for the right position in the international role. Culture plays a key role in recruitment process in the organization. It involves in hiring talent from different cultures and it can influence in key recruitment practices such as interviews, assessments and applicants. Understanding the persons cultural background determine not only what holidays they celebrate, which language they speak but virtually we must understand and aspect of social and professional life is important. Diverse cultural backgrounds, different behaviours and attitudes can create confusion, misunderstandings and false perceptions are some factors while hiring new employees into the organization. For example: Job interviews conducted by the UK Company in INDIA may not get effective result in hiring the best candidates as a result of large cultural differences in between two countries. There are some keys areas in which the interview may fail as a lack of cultural awareness and cross cultural differences. In UK culture, the people are openness and directness are highly valued so that, the UK interviews may tend to ask the questions around the professional background of applicants. But in INDIA culture, people are some where they are closed-minded and may be difficult for the Indian people to tell for the direct questions and make them uncomfortable and not respond appropriately. In UK culture, the interviewer interviews the candidates in face to face .Face to face communication plays important role in recruitment. But in the case of INDIAN culture, there are different steps in recruiting the candidates such as writing test, communication test and then finally interview test. Another factor difference in culture between UK and INDIA while in interviewing the applicant the most important is eye contact. In interview process, the eye contact is most important that means it shows the applicant is confidence. References http://www.carla.umn.edu/culture/definitions.html http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/culture.html http://geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.html http://recruitment.naukrihub.com/meaning-of-recruitment.html http://www.managementstudyguide.com/types-of-recruitment.htm http://blog.communicaid.com/cross-cultural-training/hiring-overseas-can-cultural-awareness- training-help-hr-professionals-manage-the-economic-crisis/ Paper 3 INTRODUCTION In this globalization, there are plenty of imperative and expatriate managers in doing international improvements for the challenging implications for IHRM. The development of multinational in the emerging countries is important factor in which to analyze and realize the organization structures and policies in complex situations. The imperative and expatriate managers from host and third countries into the home country organization in order to hold potential in developing of future global managers. In todays business environment, the globalization was approaching the status of a strategic norm and it is becoming strategic necessity. In increasing of business globalization there is necessarily of adaptation of human resource procedures, people and identifying the people who can facilitate the organization adaptation of global strategies while responding to local markets and competition. In the globalization, in competitive field the organization must develop their managers and protect them as core competencies which the company allows to compete effectively. In this growing consensus, the organization must have global human resource management architecture, reflecting the quantity and quality of global managers may be important resources of the organization capability to compete in the competitive world. IHRM IN EMERGING MARKETS In present economic environment, emerging markets are treated as economic engines for growth of MNCs in developed and matured economies. These emerging markets are important as they are rapidly expanding in certain areas like population, economic growth rate and having the opportunities or risk to attract the investors. Countries such as MEXICO, ARGENTINA, TURKEY, RUSSIA, POLAND, BRAZIL, CHINA, SOUTH AFRICA, INDIA and SOUTH KOREA are some of the emerging nations. In future, the vast majority of the population is to be in emerging countries due to this global expansion. There is rapid growth in emerging markets, which shows that there is more demand for both industrial and consumer goods and services. In the near future MNCs from emerging countries will have common uniqueness appropriate to European and United States based MNCs. Main difference is in economic development and cultural distance between the developed and emerging countries and it is the main reason for increase in the requirement of HR managers in MNCs, who are willing, capable ,understand and manage cultural differences between these distinct countries. If a HR manager is from native emerging county, they have ability to understand and forecast the future in different specific socioeconomic and cultural situations and add strategic value to MNCs. Most of the MNCs expanding their business into emerging markets and they need managers with specific social knowledge and ability to conduct revenue generating business in these countries. These MNCs believe in managers who can effectively operate in economically/culturally distant countries and this is key resource for creating competitive advantage and finally success for MNCs in the global market. MNCs treat HRM as important, knowledge intensive core competency, which have to be developed within the organisation. They treat this as must have to maintain competitive advantage over other organisations or other MNCs. This strategic international human resource management is focus on building process and procedures for utilizing personnel as a competitive asset. In recent survey they found that 81% of the companies felt, to expand their organization into emerging countries (expatriate manager program, 1997). In achieving the organization goal, in this competitive world the international human resource management managers identify the framework for emerging countries which is shown below. A conceptual framework of strategic HRM for emerging MNEs Internationalization Outcomes IHRM Philosophy, policy, practice Internationalization Drivers Practice Staffing, evaluating, rewarding and developing a global workforce Expatriation Vs Impatriation Talent attraction retention Vs diversity management Policy Fit between corporate subsidiary Centralized Vs Decentralized in decision-making Control communication Internal drivers Corporate vision mission Corporate structure strategy Resource seeking via MA Efficiency orientation Experience in international business Choice of host country Industry size External drivers Domestic global competitive demands Changing global market environment Government policy resource support Invited by developing host countrys government to revitalize economy Networking with local firms to industrialize Global village concerns Satisfy multiple stakeholders Cultural sensitivity local responsiveness Economic development in industry sectors Social harmony, peace and stability MNE goals Effectiveness in resource allocation Global competitiveness Global co-ordination integration Flexibility, learning and further expansion Other important emerging context specific variables (including geo-political factors) Philosophy National culture Vs Corporate culture Global integration Vs Local responsiveness Sinocentrism Vs Globalism INTERNATIONALIZATION DRIVERS There are both external and internal drivers of internationalization similar to those proposed in the prior models as the background of Strategic Internationalization Human Resource Management (SIHRM). Two distinctive drivers for internationalization of MNCs at the global level are domestic and global competition demands and global market environment. In present decades, many emerging countries economics have adopted major economic reforms and they have largely integrated into global economics. For example: In recent decades, China has become emerging country in global economics. Most of the multinational corporations have identified the China market and they establish their operations and created enormous competitive pressure. Due to the globalization, the market environment was changing with the increasing free flow of information, flow of capital, and labour that helps in facilitate networking and transactions between internally and abroad. Multinational enterprises have more opportunities and threats in free market conditions. Of course they have more opportunities but they have to face different cultural dimensions and organizational frameworks both in home and in the host countries. They also face the challenges in order to adjust their policy and practices in response to the changing environments. Therefore the internal and external drivers for the internationalization of MNCs are most combined and create confluence effects. STRATEGIC IHRM PHILOSOPHY, POLICY AND PRACTICE SIHRM is essentially for the balancing MNCs inter-unit and within unit and also the needs for differentiation and standardization. SIHRM policy formulated with three concerns similar to those established MNCs First, they think about the subsidiaries that it manages independently or to be managed by the headquarters way of the MNCs. Second, they need to devote considerable energy, time and financial resources towards managing their global workforce. They have take decision making use of resources in achieving the goal of ultimate effectiveness in resource allocation by using either centralization or decentralization depending on circumstances. Third, they have to decide whether in sending the staff from headquarters or need to recruit the resources from locally, regionally and globally in order to carry out tasks generated in first and second points. The importance and roles of these international staff is able to control, co-ordinate and facilitate communication between headquarters and subsidiaries. IHRM practices are most important to the strategy need of any MNCs of those practices related to evaluating, rewarding, staffing and developing a global workforce. Of course the MNCs have lack in managerial experience and impatriate the managerial staff to the headquarters and allow the general staffing issue to local subsidiaries. It is important to acknowledge both the internal and external fit in the organization and internal fit for the set of IHRM philosophy, policy and practices and external fit for the environment. INTERNATIONALIZATION OUTCOMES In organizational level, the IHRM play a key role in achieving the effectiveness in resource allocation, efficiency, global integration, global competitiveness, flexibility and learning. But they also need to take into account are national, industry, global and community levels of concern when multi levels of drivers are considered. In general HRM often considers employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment. But it is difficult in multinational organization to satisfy the needs of the employees. It is important and need to recognize local conditions when applying the IHRM across different cultural and institutional environments in the globalization. By positive results, the organizations would provide feedback so that they could analyze the alignment of their corporate strategy, structure and systems and strengthen existing IHRM. It indicates that the outcomes from home and host countries, that the policy makers has focus on further development in further expansion.

Keplers Laws and Planetary Movement Essay -- Physics Science Planets

By the turn of the 1600's, the way in which the solar system and the universe as a whole was viewed began to change. With the controversial conclusions of Copernicus, scientists already began to adopt the idea of a heliocentric solar system. Further advancements in astronomy came about through the research of Tycho Brahe and his assistant Johannes Kepler. The three planetary laws developed by Kepler with the data gathered by Brahe shaped the way in which science viewed the structure and motion of the planets of the solar system in profound ways, lasting to this day. A Brief History of Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler began his studies in astronomy as an assistant to the astronomer Tycho Brahe, whom, by his own right, was a formidable observer of the heavens, despite his rather illogical conclusions about the Earth and the movement of other celestial bodies. Brahe’s observations were phenomenally accurate, especially considering the technology available at the time, often accurate to less than half of a minute of arc. In hindsight, however; Brahe’s creditability as an astronomer is diminished due to his lack of acceptance of the idea of a heliocentric solar system created by Copernicus. He agreed that the other five known planets revolved around the sun, but that the Earth would be incapable of such movement and would certainly be detectable by the inhabitants of the Earth if that were the case. Kepler's First Law Since his introduction into astronomy, Kepler had held a strong faith in the accuracy of the theories of Copernicus. Under Copernican theory, all planets traveled in perfectly circular orbits around the sun. However, Kepler’s observations, especially in regards to the orbit of Mars, suggested that planets trave... ...'s Third Law. What else should be noted is that the constant (4π^2/Gm) is included in the equation. thus creating an equation that not only proves Kepler's Third Law, but is also far reaching in its practical applications. For instance, if the peroid and distance from the sun of a planet were known, the mass of the planet could easily be calculated. Conclusion The remarkable aspect to Kepler’s Laws is that they were able to unify the seemingly complicated motion of the planets in the heavens with relatively simple concepts. The conclusion that the orbits of planets are elliptical rather than circular paved the way into developing concise relationships between all the planets by explaining the variance in the velocity of a planet as it travels through its orbit. This proportional relationship, T^2 = KR^3, unified the motions of the planets beautifully.